Commercial Gardening Definition Ap Human Geography

6109577140 Adaptive Strategies The unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense. 0 6109577142 Agribusiness Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations which are found in MDCs. To increase productivity, corporations use Genetically modified crops. 1 6109577144 Agricultural Landscape The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields. Effects how much yield one gets from their plants. 2 6109577145 Agricultural Location Model A model designed by Von Thunen that explains the importance of proximity to the market location or city and how location depends on the cost of transportation and the value of the product . 3 6109577146 Agricultural Origins Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for there own use. Carl Sauer points out vegetative planting and seed agriculture as the original forms. He also points out that vegetative planting likely was originated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in W. India, N. China and Ethiopia. Without the development of agriculture we would still have a relatively small and likely uneducated population. 4 6109577148 Animal Domestication The taming of animals through generations of breeding to live in close association with humans as a pet or work animal 5 6109577149 Aquaculture Farming of fish for sale by raising fish in ponds and underwater cages. 6 6109577151 Biotechnology A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes. 7 6109577154 Intensive Agriculture A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. 8 6109577155 Extensive Agriculture An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area, consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre 9 6109577158 Crop Rotation The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil, this helps to maintain the fertility of the fields. 10 6109577160 Dairy Farming An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter. 11 6109577163 Double Cropping A way to increase crop yields by harvesting twice a year from the same field. 12 6109577171 Pesticides Any one of various substances used to kill harmful insects (insecticide), fungi (fungicide), vermin, or other living organisms that destroy or inhibit plant growth, carry disease, or are otherwise harmful. 13 6109577172 Soil Erosion Movement of soil components, especially topsoil, from one place to another, usually by wind, flowing water, or both. This natural process can be greatly accelerated by human activities that remove vegetation from soil. 14 6109577175 Shifting Cultivation A form of subsistence agriculture found in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia in which people shift activity from one field to another. There are three steps 1) the land is cleared by hand slashing and burning vegetation; 2) the land is farmed on a few years because the soil is depleted of nutrients and left fallow for a relatively long period; 3) the farmer moves to a new plot of land and restarts the process. 15 6109577176 Slash-and-Burn Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris, which then creates a nutrient layer of ash for plants. 16 6109577177 Milpa A system of effective agriculture used throughout Mesoamerica that relies on crop rotation and the planting of multiple crops in a single field. The term is derived from a Nahuatl word meaning 'field.' 17 6109577178 Swidden A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. 18 6109577180 Pastoral Nomadism A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter. 19 6109577184 Feedlot Confined outdoor or indoor space used to raise hundreds to thousands of domesticated livestock, where they are fattened for market 20 6109577185 First Agricultural Revolution Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication 21 6109577190 Green Revolution (Third Agriculture Revolution) A change in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, pesticides, irrigation, and improved crop varieties through hybridization, and genetic engineering that resulted in increased food output 22 6109577192 Hunting and Gathering Small nomadic groups of fifty or less people found in isolated places around the world that obtain food through hunting animals, fishing, or gathering plants. Migration depends on the movement of game and seasonal plants. 23 6109577193 Intensive Subsistence Agriculture A form of agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. The largest proportion of farmers in Asia practice this form of agriculture. 24 6109577194 Intertillage the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment 25 6109577195 Livestock Ranching An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West. 26 6109577196 Market Gardening The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually. 27 6109577197 Mediterranean Agriculture An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, 28 6109577201 Plant Domestication genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention 29 6109577202 Plantation Agriculture A commerical form of agriculture based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics, less developed countries. 30 6109577211 Second Agricultural Revolution Occurred at the same time as the Industrial Revolution in which there were improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. Less people were needed for rural farming, many moved to urban areas, and exponential population growth occurred. 31 6109577212 Specialization A focus on a particular activity or area of study 32 6109577213 Staple Grains Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions. A basic food grain that is used frequently and in large amounts 33 6109577214 Suitcase Farm In American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews. 34 6109577221 Mechanization In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines. 35 6109577222 Chemical Farming Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The development of higher-yield crops has produced: a 'miracle wheat seed" which is shorter and stiffer, less sensitive to variation in day length, responds better to fertilizers, and matures faster; a similar miracle rice seed, that was heartier and has increased yields; a high-yield corn seed is currently being developed. 36 6109577223 Food Manufacturing the mass production of food products from raw animal and plan materials utilizing the principles of food technology 37 6109577224 "Tragedy of the Commons" situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community 38 6109577225 Transhumance The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. 39 6109577226 Truck Farm Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning "bartering" or "the exchange of commodities". This form of agriculture is predominantly practiced near large cities to maintain freshness. 40 6109577227 Von Thunen, Johann Heinrich German geographer who proposed a model which suggested the importance of specific farming activities and their proximity to a market or urban area. 41 6110989748 Subsistence Agriculture Food grown for the farmers family, local consumption, and is NOT grown for commercial purposes. 42 6111016619 Intensive Wet Rice Farming Image

43 6111020158 Grain Farming (Wheat) Image

44 6111029203 Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming Image

45 6111041777 Pastoral Nomadism Image

46 6111051923 Dairy Farming Image

47 6111059570 Shifting Cultivation Image

48 6111060576 Mixed Crop and Livestock Image

49 6111061598 Plantation Farming (Banana Plantation) Image

50 6111063975 Livestock Ranching Image

51 6111065668 Mediterranean Agriculture Image

52 6111067961 Intensive Wet Rice NOT Dominant Image

53 6112212645 Derwent Whittlesey Geographer who divided the world into the 11 agricultural regions that are divided between developed and developing countries. 54 6112261027 Latin America Crop Hearth Products Potatoes, Squash, Cotton, Lima Beans, Maize, Llamas, Alpacas, and Turkeys 55 6112273734 Southwest Asia Crop Hearth Products Lentils, Olives, Barley, Wheat, Oats, Sheep, Goats, Pig, Dogs, and Cattle 56 6112290966 Sub-Saharan Africa Crop Hearth Products Yams, Sorghum, Coffee, Finger Millet 57 6112294153 East Asia Crop Hearth Products Rice, Soybeans, Chinese Chestnuts, Walnuts, Cattle, and Chicken 58 6112295387 Southeast Asia Crop Hearth Products Mango, Taro, Coconut, and Slender Millet 59 6112544748 Dry, semi-arid, or steppe climates Climates associated with pastoral nomadism and Ranching 60 6112549709 Humid Subtropical or Dry Climates Climates associated with Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Wet Rice NOT Dominant 61 6112552944 Mediterranean Climatee Climate associated with Mediterranean Agriculture 62 6112555373 Tropical Humid, low latitude Climates Climate associated with Shifting Cultivation 63 6112558675 Tropical Humid and Humid Subtropical Climates Climates associated with Plantation Farming 64 6112560488 Humid Subtropical Climate associated with Intensive Subsistence Wet Rice Dominant Agriculture 65 6112641468 Mixed Crop and Livestock Ranching Most common form of commercial agriculture in the United States and Europe in which crops are predominantly grown to feed livestock. This allows farmers to create a system where crops provide food for livestock and the livestock provide manure for crop fertilization. 66 6112670494 Wet-Rice Dominant Agriculture An intensive form of subsistence agriculture that plants rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. Includes and abundance of human labor and animal power. 67 6112716797 Sustainable Agriculture Farming methods that uses careful land management practices to preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides. 68 6112739181 Von Thunen's Model (Know each ring and what type of agriculture occurs in it)

69 6112770313 1,800 Kcal Amount of calories needed to maintain a moderate level of physical activity 70 6112773051 Wheat, Rice, and Maize Three leading cereal grains that account for 90% of all grain production. 71 6112800497 Organic Farming Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. Many farms have adopted organic farming methods due to increased demands. 72 6112808645 Value-Added Specialty Products Goods have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell at higher price. 73 6112811091 Fair Trade Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with environmental and safety standards. 74 6112813633 Local Food Movements Food produced within a fairly limited distance from where it is consumed 75 6115856075 Green Revolution Positive Impacts Increased food yields by making crops more drought and disease restitant and relatively reduced hunger on the global scale 76 6115860213 Green Revolution Negative Impacts Environmental damage as a result of irrigation and increased chemical use (pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers), increased cost of technology and seeds that have been genetically altered, interregional migration, and a gap between the rich and poor. 77 6166088581 Desertification Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. This is very visible in the African Sahel.

78 6166114399 Commercial Agriculture A form of agriculture that is typically found in MDCs and primarily generates products for sale off the farm. These farms mass produce crops through scientific advancements and transport them to where consumers will purchase them. 79 6166132848 Environmental Impacts of Commercial Farms Over fishing, overgrazing, deforestation, soil degradation, and polluted water systems. 80 6166168399 Lack of Funds (Money and Income) All farmers, whether in MDCs or LDCs, share this common problem. 81 6166249244 Environmental Determinism The concept where physical geographic factors such as soil, climate and resources shape a specific culture group's behavior and practices. 82 6166253494 Site The physical characteristics of a specific location. 83 6166258065 Interregional Migration The movement of people from one region to another within a country. 84 6166261063 Push Factors Reasons people leave an area. 85 6166263722 Pull Factors Reasons people are drawn to an area. 86 6166266400 Agriculture Density The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. 87 6166269782 Thomas Malthus's Theory The human population would grow at rates that would exceed their ability to produce food and resources. 88 6166277409 Characteristics of DTM stage 2 Decrease in CDR, high CBR, increase in population, the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agriculture Revolution, and an economy characterized by agriculture. 89 6166300633 Acculturation The process by which a less dominant culture adopts some of the traits of a more dominant culture. 90 6166305609 Traits of Popular Culture Rapidly diffuses through any type of expansion diffusion, heterogeneous, causes more environmental damage, and includes a lot of material goods. 91 6166317142 Origin of the three largest monotheistic religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam began in Southwest Asia 92 6166323433 Diffusion Spread of an idea or innovation from its source. 93 6166324704 Creole language A language that originates from contact between speakers of two different native languages. 94 6166332903 Pivot and Rimlands Geopolitical theory locations that were important due to valuable land resources found in the Eurasian Steppe, and the Russian and Ukraine bread baskets. 95 6166344052 Enclave An enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it, such as Lesotho. 96 6166352638 NAFTA A supranational organization that increased trade between the US, Canada, and Mexico, created a trade deficit for the US, facilitates the movement of industries from the US to Mexico, and could eventually include more Latin American countries. 97 6166362731 Balkanization Fragmentation of a region into smaller units, such as Yugoslavia. 98 6166367256 Perforated State A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state, such as South Africa and Italy. 99